Aloysian Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, Education, and Allied Fields
The Aloysian Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, Education, and Allied Fields is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes high-quality research and review articles across social sciences, education, and related fields. Focused on promoting interdisciplinary dialogue and innovative research, the journal welcomes contributions on topics including sociology, psychology, education, policy studies, and human development. With a commitment to open access, authors retain copyright while allowing for wide distribution under a Creative Commons License. The journal is preserved in LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archival systems to ensure long-term access.
Data-Driven Decision Support System for Sustainable Fishpong Management Using IOT and Machine Learning for Algae Bloom Prediction
Traditional aquaculture management frequently relies on manual water quality monitoring, which often fails to detect the rapid environmental shifts preceding harmful algal blooms (HABs). This reactive approach exposes fishpond operations to significant biological risks and financial instability. The primary goal of this research was to design and evaluate a Data-Driven Decision Support System (D3S) that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors with machine learning (ML) algorithms for real-time monitoring and proactive algae bloom prediction. Utilizing a developmental research design and the Input–Process–Output–Outcome (IPOO) framework, an IoT sensor array was deployed at a commercial fishpond in Zamboanga del Sur. The system collected high-frequency data on temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, turbidity, and total dissolved solids. These data informed an ensemble of predictive models, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Linear Regression, to forecast chlorophyll-a concentrations. The D3S achieved a system uptime of 99.7% and a data transmission success rate of 97.9%. Predictive analysis provided an average lead time of 4.2 hours for HAB alerts. Under the stable environmental conditions of the test site, the Linear Regression model demonstrated exceptional performance with an R² value of 0.999. User Acceptance Testing yielded mean ratings between 3.4 and 4.0, indicating high stakeholder approval. The integration of IoT and ML effectively transitions aquaculture management from a reactive to a proactive state. By providing reliable foresight, the D3S facilitates a 20% reduction in fish mortality and enhances overall pond productivity.
water quality monitoring, machine learning, decision support systems, IoT, algal bloom prediction.
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Perceived Caring Attributes of Student Nurses and Satisfaction to Quality of Care Among Adults in the Medical – Surgical Units of Selected Tertiary Hospitals in Metro Cebu: Proposed Enhanced RLE Clinical Caring Practice Guidelines
Nursing education plays a fundamental role in developing and strengthening nurses’ caring attributes, beginning during their formative years and continuing throughout professional practice. This study examined the relationship between nursing students perceived caring attributes and patient satisfaction with the quality of nursing care in medical-surgical units of selected tertiary hospitals in Metro Cebu. It aimed to provide a basis for enhancing the Related Learning Experience (RLE) Clinical Caring Practice Guidelines. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design involving 685 Level 3 and Level 4 nursing students from five Colleges of Nursing and their corresponding adult patients. Data were gathered using a researcher-developed instrument based on Sister Simone Roach’s six caring attributes, together with a modified Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire (PSNCQQ). Face-to-face survey interviews were conducted to collect the data, which were subsequently analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques to examine the relationships among the study variables. Results showed that most student respondents were females aged 21–24, while most patient respondents were females aged 40–50. Nursing students rated themselves highly across all six caring attributes, particularly in demonstrating courtesy, respect, and moral responsibility. Patients likewise reported high levels of satisfaction, especially appreciating the kindness, respect, and attentiveness of student nurses. Positive perceptions of care were consistent across patient demographics. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between all six caring attributes and patient satisfaction, confirming the influence of caring behaviors on perceived care quality. The study concludes that nursing students’ caring attributes significantly contribute to patient satisfaction. Findings support the adoption of the proposed Enhanced RLE Clinical Caring Practice Guidelines. It is recommended to incorporate structured learning modules and simulations on carative behaviors, reinforce moral values in instruction and practice, establish patient feedback mechanisms, and strengthen faculty mentorship. Future research may examine the long-term impact of caring behaviors on patient outcomes across diverse clinical settings.
perceived caring attributes; descriptive-correlational design; student nurses; patient satisfaction; quality of nursing care; related learning experience clinical caring practice guidelines
Instructional Leadership-Based Framework for Teacher-Administrator Collaboration at Kiettisack International School
This study investigates how instructional leadership practices influence teacher-administrator collaboration at Kiettisack International School (KIS), a multicultural international school in Vientiane, Laos. Guided by Distributed Leadership Theory, the research employs a qualitative single-case study design to explore how leadership is enacted, shared, and experienced within the school’s secondary department. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with administrators and foreign teachers, supported by document analysis. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns related to leadership practices, collaboration, and organizational context. Findings reveal that KIS demonstrates a strong commitment to student-centered learning, supported by collaborative planning, data-driven instruction, and emerging professional learning communities. Teachers are actively involved in curriculum discussions and instructional activities; however, the depth and consistency of collaboration vary across departments. Instructional leadership remains partially distributed, with administrators retaining control over major decisions while teachers participate primarily in advisory and operational roles. Challenges identified include limited role clarity, inconsistent feedback practices, time constraints, and varying levels of teacher influence in decision-making. Based on these findings, the study proposes the C.A.R.E. Instructional Leadership Framework, which emphasizes Communication, Alignment, Roles, and Empowerment as key dimensions for strengthening collaborative leadership. The framework promotes inclusive, participatory practices that enhance teacher engagement, improve instructional coherence, and support sustainable school improvement. The study contributes to the limited body of qualitative research on instructional leadership in international school contexts and offers practical insights for educators and policymakers seeking to foster collaborative, context-responsive leadership in diverse educational settings.
instructional leadership, teacher-administrator collaboration, distributed leadership, international schools, professional learning community, teacher voice, educational leadership framework
Assessing the Integration of Sustainable Business Models in Optimizing financial Performance and Corporate Social responsibility of Selected Online Businesses in Metro Manila as Basis for a Strategic Framework
This study assessed the extent to which selected online businesses in Metro Manila integrated sustainable business model components and corporate social responsibility practices to optimize financial performance. It also examined the relationship between sustainable business model integration and CSR practices, identified the effectiveness, challenges, and strategies related to sustainability implementation, and proposed a strategic framework to strengthen sustainable business practices among online businesses. The study employed a convergent parallel mixed methods design and utilized 387 registered online business owners in Metro Manila and 15 among them for qualitative data. The study concluded that online businesses in Metro Manila have strongly integrated sustainable business model components and corporate social responsibility practices, with a significant positive relationship between sustainability integration, financial performance, and CSR outcomes. However, challenges such as balancing profitability with sustainability goals, limited resources, and environmental concerns remain areas that require further improvement. It is recommended that online business owners, government agencies, business support organizations, and other stakeholders collaborate in implementing a Strategic Sustainable Online Business Integration Framework to enhance long-term business performance and social responsibility.
Integration of Sustainable Business Models, Financial Performance, Corporate Social Responsibility, Strategic Framework
Implementation of the DEPED Child Protection Policy in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Taguig City and Pateros: Basis for Enhanced Guidance Services
This research examined the effectiveness of the Department of Education's Child Protection Policy as implemented in a few public secondary schools in Taguig City and Pateros Schools Division Offices of the school year 2023–2024. The assessment of the policy’s implementation with regard to school personnel, roles and responsibilities, preventive measures, and protective and remedial measures were the main goals. Additionally, the study aimed to identify pressing issues faced by the implementers and propose enhanced guidance services to address identified challenges. Using a descriptive research design, the study gathered data from 200 respondents, including 100 teachers and 100 parents, through survey questionnaires. The findings revealed that the DepEd Child Protection Policy was implemented to a “Very High” degree across all indicators. However, issues such as the need for regular training of school personnel and improved coordination with the government agencies were identified. Based on these results, an enhanced guidance services program was proposed to address gaps in training, infrastructure, and community engagement. It was concluded that continuous improvements are necessary to ensure that schools fully protect students from abuse, violence, and exploitation. This research contributed important insights on how child protection policies are carried out in public secondary schools and recommended approaches to enhance guidance services to better safeguard students.
Child Protection Policy, DepEd Order No. 40, public secondary schools, Taguig City, Pateros, guidance services, child abuse prevention, policy implementation, school personnel, student welfare
Criminal Investigation Competencies of Police Personnel in the Province of Cagayan: Input to an Innovative Medium-Term Development Plan
This study assessed the criminal investigation competencies of police personnel in the Province of Cagayan as input to an innovative medium-term development plan. It employed a descriptive-comparative research design with 90 respondents composed of investigators, first responders, and prosecutors/judges. A researcher-made questionnaire validated by experts and tested for reliability was used, and data were analyzed using weighted mean, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U test. Findings revealed that investigators were generally moderately competent in investigative procedure, legal knowledge, oral and written communication, and training and equipment, while critical thinking and decision-making was rated very competent. Challenges were assessed as moderately serious, particularly in information gathering, interview and interrogation, instrumentation, and crime scene processing. No significant differences were found among respondent groups in competencies, challenges, and perceived necessity of interventions. All suggested interventions were rated very necessary, indicating strong support for training, communication, legal knowledge, and technological enhancement. The study concludes that investigation performance is functional but constrained by limited resources and uneven technical capacity, requiring system-wide professional development. It also highlights that the three respondent groups shared similar perceptions, indicating a consistent assessment of investigative practices across operational and judicial perspectives. Results further emphasize the need for enhanced forensic capacity, improved coordination, and continuous professional training to address identified gaps in investigation. of criminal investigation practices in the province.
criminal investigation, police competency, forensic investigation, investigative procedure, legal knowledge, communication skills, critical thinking, training and equipment, Cagayan Province, professional development.
Professional and Personal Qualities of Public Secondary Teachers in the Municipality of Calasiao, Division of Pangasinan I
The study sought to determine the extent to which teachers manifest professional and practice personal qualities in the Municipality of Calasiao, Division of Pangasinan I during the school year 2015 – 2016 in terms of teachers’ profile, extent to which teachers manifest professional and practice personal qualities including their strengths and weaknesses. The respondent of the study covered nineteen (19) public secondary schools with a total enumeration of 305 teachers and 19 school administrators. The salient findings of the study are as follows: Most of the teachers were females, within the age bracket from 21-39 years, BS graduates, have attended seminars/trainings with five (5) attendance or less for the past three (3) years and have been service for 10 years or less; The extent to which teachers practice professional and personal qualities were described as “Often”; There were no significant differences on the extent to which teachers practice professional and personal qualities across profile variables age, gender, years of teaching experience and seminars/trainings attended except highest educational attainment; There was no significant difference between the perceptions of teachers and their school administrators on the extent to which teachers practice professional qualities; There was no significant difference between the perceptions of teachers and their school administrators on the extent to which teachers practice personal qualities; There were strengths and weaknesses of teachers in the practice of professional and personal qualities. In some areas, there were more strengths than weaknesses and the proposed action plan to improve the extent to which teachers practice professional and personal qualities was formulated. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn. Most of the teachers were not fully equipped with the needed trainings and experiences in the different areas of professional and personal qualities; Teachers had not reached the desired extent of teachers’ practices especially along personal qualities; Highest educational attainment has more effect than profile variables age, gender, years of teaching experience and seminars/training attended; The perception of teachers on the extent to which they manifest professional qualities was reinforced by the perception of their school administrators. Hence, their perceptions do not vary; The perceptions of teachers and their school administrators were of the same level; The strengths of teachers dominate their weaknesses and the action plan to improve the professional and personal qualities of teachers was formulated.
professional qualities, personal qualities, public secondary teachers, teacher profile, teaching competencies, educational management, Calasiao Pangasinan, teacher development, instructional competence, personal attributes
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Instruction of Public Senior High School Teachers in Malasiqui, Pangasinan
The study attempted to determine the status of information and communication technology (ICT) instruction of Public Senior High School teachers in Malasiqui, Division of Pangasinan I during the school year 2024-2025 in terms of the availability of hardware and software technologies, level of technology competencies of teachers in the nine (9) domains of ICT including seriousness of problems encountered. The respondents consisted of the total enumeration of eighty-six (86) public senior high school teachers and twenty (20) school administrators covering twenty (20) public secondary schools in the municipality of Malasiqui, Pangasinan. Findings revealed that only computer, television and radio under hardware technologies and digitized learning resources under software overall level of technology competencies of teachers is described as high. Generally, this means that teachers have reached the desired level of technology competencies in the different domains of ICT. There are no significant differences between perceptions of teachers and their school administrators along their level of technology competencies. This indicates that the perceptions of the two (2) groups of respondents are on the same level. The most serious problems encountered by teachers are lack of funds in the provision of technology, lack of “know-how” in the use of the different technologies and lack of training in the preparation, maintenance and troubleshooting of equipment. In view of the above-stated findings, an action plan to improve the status of Information Technology Instruction in the municipality of Malasiqui, Pangasinan has been designed for meaningful adoption and proper implementation.
Classroom management, academic performance, learning behavior, public elementary schools, Rodriguez Rizal, conceptual model
Classroom Management Practices of Teachers and Their Effects on the Academic Performance and Learning Behavior of Pupils in Public Schools in Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines: Basis for a Conceptual Model
Classroom management is a cornerstone of effective teaching, shaping the learning environment and influencing pupils’ academic performance and behavior. In the Philippine public school context, teachers face challenges such as overcrowded classrooms, diverse learner needs, and limited resources. This study examined the classroom management practices of teachers in Rodriguez, Rizal, and their effects on pupils’ academic performance and learning behavior, with the goal of crafting a conceptual model for improvement. Employing descriptive-evaluative, comparative, and correlational designs, the study surveyed 661 public elementary school teachers from Grades 1 to 6. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and analyzed using statistical tools, including Pearson correlation, at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed significant differences in classroom management practices and pupils’ learning behaviors when grouped according to teacher profile variables. A moderate but significant relationship was found between classroom management practices and academic performance (r = 0.637, p < 0.05), as well as between classroom management practices and learning behaviors. Academic performance and learning behaviors were also significantly correlated (r = 0.537, p < 0.05). Effective classroom management practices positively influence pupils’ academic performance and learning behaviors. Teachers are encouraged to adopt systematic routines, clear rules, and structured environments to minimize disruptions, maximize instructional time, and foster engagement. The study recommends a conceptual model to guide teachers in enhancing classroom management and improving learner outcomes.
Status of Tourism in Lagayan, Abra: A Baseline Assesment
Tourism has become a growing opportunity for local communities to improve livelihood, support small businesses, and promote development. In Lagayan, Abra, assessing the current status of tourism is necessary to determine its economic contributions and workforce development challenges. This study assessed the economic impact of tourism and the workforce development challenges in Lagayan, Abra for 2025–2026. The study used purposive sampling among 250 respondents. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, and chi-square. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 35–44, male, high school graduates, seasonal workers, and had six years or more of tourism-related service. Tourism contributed to a very high extent in community livelihood and empowerment, revenue generation, and infrastructure and development, while economic inclusivity was rated high. Workforce development challenges were high in job quality and opportunities, access and support systems, and skills and education gaps, while policy and community engagement was rated moderate. Chi-square results showed significant relationships between tourism’s economic contributions and age, employment status, and years in service, while sex and highest educational attainment showed no significant relationship. Tourism is an important contributor to the economic development of Lagayan, Abra. However, its benefits are not yet fully distributed across all sectors, and workforce-related issues continue to affect tourism growth. Thus, the study recommends the adoption of a Tourism Operations Manual to strengthen inclusive participation, workforce development, operational standards, and sustainable tourism management in the municipality.
Economic Impact of Tourism, Workforce Development Challenges, Revenue Generation, Community Livelihood and Empowerment, Tourism Workforce
Tourism Promotion Programs in Lagayan. Abra: Basis for a Tourism Intervention Plan
Tourism is a major contributor to economic growth and community development; however, despite Lagayan, Abra’s rich natural attractions, its tourism sector remains underdeveloped due to limited promotion, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient tourism services. This study aims to assess the level of satisfaction among respondents on the attractions, services, and facilities in the tourist destination, and the tourism promotion programs in Lagayan, Abra, as to craft a tourism intervention plan. A descriptive research design was utilized, involving 250 respondents composed of 150 tourists, 70 residents, and 30 tourist guides. Data were collected from December 2025 to January 2026 using a survey questionnaire. The instrument was adapted from the works of Matt (2009), Bamboa (2013), Padua (2019), Orduna and Arcilla (2020), Cruz (2021), the UNWTO (2021), the Department of Tourism (2022), and the ASEAN Secretariat (2015), with necessary modifications to suit the study context. Reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84, indicating good internal consistency. Findings reveal that most respondents are young, single, and low-income individuals, indicating a market largely composed of budget conscious and adventure-oriented tourists. Overall, respondents express a high level of satisfaction, particularly on accessibility, uniqueness, and visual appeals of attractions, while moderate satisfaction is observed in entertainment and facility-related aspects. The implementation of tourism promotion program is generally perceived as high, though certain areas such as digital promotion, transportation, and service facilities require improvement. Moreover, the LGU face moderate to high serious challenges, particularly in infrastructure, limited funding, and insufficient promotional strategies. Significant relationships are found between selected demographic variable and satisfaction levels, highlighting the influence of tourist profile on tourism experience. These findings suggest that while Lagayan demonstrates strong tourism potential, targeted improvements in infrastructure, service quality, and strategic promotion are essential to enhance tourist satisfaction and ensure sustainable tourism development.
tourism promotion, tourist satisfaction, sustainable tourism, Health and Communication Services
Tax Compliance in Abra: Basis for Operations Strategy
The study sought to analyze the compliance practices of microenterprises and small businesses in the province of Abra and determine how such practices may inform and guide the operational strategies of the BIR. This study followed a method of quantitative and utilized a descriptive- correlational research design. The 152 microenterprises and small business owners registered taxpayers in Bucay, Abra served as the respondents of this study for calendar year 2025 – 2026. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: the profile of the respondents, tax compliance indicators covering filing, payment, accuracy and truthful reporting, recordkeeping and documentation, and responsiveness to notices and audit request, degree of seriousness of the challenges covering filing, payment, accuracy and truthful reporting, recordkeeping and documentation, and responsiveness to notices and audit request, and open-ended questions on challenges and suggestions to improve the BIR tax compliance and services. Each close-ended item was rated on a four-point Likert frequency scale, with higher scores indicating greater compliance or stronger agreement with BIR initiatives. The level of compliance of taxpayers was “very high” in terms of filing, payment, accuracy of reporting and responsiveness to notices and “high compliance” in recordkeeping and documentation. These challenges indicated a need for clearer and simplification of guidelines, improved taxpayer education, and enhanced support mechanisms to facilitate compliance. The result suggested that compliance is more strongly influenced by educational attainment and financial capacity rather than basic demographic characteristics or business type. Both year of operation and nature of business showed no statistically significant differences across all compliance dimensions. In contrast, annual gross sales revealed significant differences in several compliance areas, particularly in accuracy and truthfulness, recordkeeping and documentation, responsiveness to notices and audit requests, and overall compliance.
Tax Challenges, Microenterprises, Tax Compliance behavior, Compliance indicators
Administrative Workload and Work-Related Stress Among Teachers
This study assessed the extent of administrative workload and work-related stress among teachers in the Luba District, focusing on the level of stress experienced in terms of administrative demands, working environment, and professional distress. A quantitative method, particularly a descriptive-correlational research design, was utilized, involving a total of 72 respondents. The needed data were gathered through survey questionnaire. The instrument was adopted from Pamunag and Mosquera (2025 and Señal and Abellana (2025). The data on the extent of teachers' administrative workload and work-related stress were analyzed using weighted means, while Pearson's r was used to test the relationship between the variables. The study found that in Luba District teachers have a very high extent administrative workload. This has become an integral yet demanding component of their professional responsibilities. They are heavily engaged in administrative loads, which contribute to their professional growth and involvement; however, these also significantly increase the volume and complexity of teachers’ workload. Teachers experience a low level of stress in terms of their work environment. Their school provides a supportive, organized, and collegial atmosphere. However, they are highly stressed in terms of administrative demands and professional distress since they are engaged in paperwork and compliance requirements, with insufficient administrative support. Also, teachers experienced emotional and physical exhaustion, as administrative tasks affect a positive work environment. Results also show a low positive relationship between administrative workload and stress, indicating a weak but direct influence of workload on teachers’ stress levels. To help teachers manage their administrative workload and stress, a Workload Balance and Stress Management Strategies for Teachers in Luba District was conceptualized.
Stress levels, Administrative demands, Work Environment, Professional Distress
An Integrated Machine Learning System for Realtime Water Quality Monitoring for Seagrass Identification
Coastal ecosystems, particularly seagrass meadows, are increasingly threatened by pollution, climate change, and human activities, creating a need for efficient and real-time environmental monitoring systems. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an Integrated Machine Learning System for Realtime Water Quality Monitoring for Seagrass Identification that combines Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, image processing, and real-time monitoring technologies to support coastal ecosystem management and marine conservation. The study employed a Developmental and Mixed Methods Research Design using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Prototyping Model. The qualitative phase involved stakeholder consultations and expert validation to determine system requirements, usability, and environmental monitoring needs, while the quantitative phase focused on system testing and evaluation using ISO/IEC 25010:2011 software quality standards. The system utilized temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen sensors integrated with Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi, GSM communication, and a web-based monitoring dashboard. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was implemented to automate seagrass identification using underwater image analysis. The developed system was evaluated by seventy (70) Marine Biology students and obtained an overall weighted mean of 4.34, verbally interpreted as Very Satisfactory, indicating high acceptability, reliability, and functionality. The study concluded that integrating IoT, machine learning, and environmental sensing technologies can provide a practical and sustainable solution for real-time coastal ecosystem monitoring. It is recommended that future researchers integrate additional water quality parameters, improve AI models through larger datasets, and incorporate mobile and cloud-based technologies to further enhance monitoring accuracy, accessibility, and long-term environmental sustainability.
Information Technology, Machine Learning, Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring, Seagrass Identification, Sequential Exploratory Mixed-Methods Research Design, Philippines
AI-IOT Enabled Soil and Weather Monitoring System for Smart Agricultural Decision Support
Background: The agricultural sector increasingly adopts digital technologies to combat environmental volatility, yet conventional smallholder farming still relies heavily on intuition and experience-based decision-making. Existing systems frequently monitor soil or weather parameters in isolation, creating fragmented insights that lead to inefficient resource utilization. This study aimed to design, develop, implement, and validate an integrated AI-IoT Enabled Soil and Weather Monitoring System to provide real-time, predictive decision support for optimized farm management. Using a developmental-descriptive research design and Agile Scrum methodology, a functional telemetry prototype was engineered using an ESP32 microcontroller connected to an industrial 7-in-1 soil probe, a three-cup anemometer, a light sensor, and a rain detector. The hardware was integrated with a FastAPI cloud backend, a PostgreSQL database, and machine learning models trained via Scikit-Learn. Pilot testing and user acceptability evaluations were conducted with 36 purposively sampled farmers and agricultural technicians. Standard machine learning regression metrics revealed that the system achieved an accuracy rate exceeding 99% for irrigation prediction and approximately 98% for disease-risk classification. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression for crop growth modeling demonstrated high statistical significance (P < 0.001, R² = 0.994). Empirical data from 36 evaluation respondents demonstrated strong performance across all technical indicators, with data update latency scoring the highest mean value of 4.50. The system successfully bridges the gap between raw data acquisition and low-cognitive-load operational directives, offering a highly reliable, energy-efficient, and cost-effective precision agriculture framework that enhances smallholder confidence and resource optimization.
smart agriculture, Internet of Things, predictive analytics, machine learning, decision support system
Yoga as a Supportive Intervention for Emotional Regulation among Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently struggle with emotional regulation that impacts their involvement in classroom, academic, and social activities in inclusive education environments. Students with ASD can sometimes react to the classroom environment with anxiety, frustration, impulsive responses and struggles to adapt to the routine. These challenges often create difficulties in learning and in attending classes in the mainstream. In recent years, yoga has gained attention as a holistic mind–body practice that may support emotional stability, self-regulation, and psychological well-being among children with developmental disabilities. The present study aimed to explore the role of yoga as a supportive intervention for improving emotional regulation among students with autism spectrum disorder in Inclusive schools of Delhi. This study used convergent mixed methods research design (Creswell & Creswell, 2018) to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches. The students with autism spectrum disorder attending Inclusive schools of Delhi, their teachers and parents were included in the population. The study used purposive sampling, which entailed 30 students with ASD, 10 special educators, and 20 parents. The quantitative data collecting tools were the Emotional Regulation Rating Scale and the structured questionnaires, while the qualitative data collecting tools were the semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. An 8-week yoga intervention program was carried out and included a combination of simple yoga postures, breathing exercises and relaxation techniques, 3 times a week. Both quantitative data and qualitative responses were analysed by descriptive statistics and thematic analysis respectively. The results revealed that after the yoga intervention, students' emotional regulation was improved. These changes included a decrease in emotional outbursts and anxiety, and an improvement in calmness, attention and classroom participation. This study highlights the potential of yoga as a culturally and financially accessible intervention in school settings for emotional regulation of students with ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Emotional Regulation, Yoga Intervention, Inclusive Schools
Sanayang-Aklat: Epekto sa Pagpapalawak ng Talasalitaan at Pagpapaunlad ng Kasanayan sa Pag-Unawa sa Pagbasa ng mga Mag-Aaral
Mahalaga ang paglinang ng kasanayan sa pagbasa dahil ito ang nagsisilbing pundasyon ng lahat ng pagkatuto, akademikong tagumpay, at kritikal na pag-iisip ng mga mag-aaral. Layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang epekto ng binuong sanayang-aklat sa pagpapalawak ng talasalitaan at pagpapaunlad ng kasanayan sa pag-unawa sa pagbasa ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 9 ng Naga City Science High School para sa Taong Panuruan 2024–2025, gayundin matukoy ang kabisaan ng paggamit ng nabuong sanayang-aklat bilang interbensiyonal na kagamitang pampagtuturo. Ginamit sa pag-aaral ang deskriptibo-komparatibong metodolohiya at ang ADDIE Model sa pagbuo ng materyal. Isandaan at siyam (109) na mag-aaral ang naging kalahok na pinili sa pamamagitan ng purposive sampling. Ang mga datos ay nakalap sa pamamagitan ng pre-test at post-test na pagsusulit na ginawa ng mananaliksik. Sinuri ang mga datos gamit ang Mean, Standard Deviation, Proficiency Level Matrix, Frequency at Percentage, at paired t-test, gayundin ang Cohen’s d. Ipinakita ng resulta na bago ang interbensiyon, ang mga mag-aaral ay nasa katamtaman hanggang mababang antas ng kasanayan sa pagbasa. Gayunpaman, matapos gamitin ang sanayang-aklat, nagkaroon ng makabuluhang pag-unlad sa kanilang kasanayan batay sa pagsusuring estadistikal. Ipinakita rito na epektibo ang paggamit ng sanayang-aklat sa pagpapalalim ng kaalaman at pagpapaunlad ng kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral sa talasalitaan at pag-unawa. Inirerekomenda ang paggamit ng kagamitang pampagtuturo bilang interbensiyon sa pagpapataas ng antas ng literasiya ng mga mag-aaral.
Sanayang-aklat, Talasalitaan, Kasanayan sa Pagbasa, Deskriptibo-Komparatibo, ADDIE Model, Interbensiyong Kagamitang Pampagtuturo
Teachers’ Knowledge in Mitigating Suicide and Attitudes Toward Suicide: Basis for Intervention Plan
This study aimed to determine the teachers’ knowledge in mitigating suicide and the attitudes toward suicide of the Public Secondary School teachers of General Mamerto Natividad District, Division of Nueva Ecija during the school year 2024-2025.The study utilized descriptive-correlational research design utilizing a researcher-made instrument on socio-demographic profile and two (2) adapted instruments namely Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) and Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS). The data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using Spearman’s Rho to determine the strength and direction of association between variables. Results revealed that teachers possess a level of understanding about suicide mitigation that goes beyond foundational knowledge but lack comprehensive and detailed understanding of the matter. Female teachers showed higher level of knowledge on suicide mitigation compered to their counterparts. Teachers, especially those who are older, who are holding higher positions, and who spent more years in teaching, demonstrate a high degree of social stigma directed towards suicide which denotes that they hold strong negative and discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors toward individuals who died by suicide as well as towards the topic of suicide itself. Hence, the Intervention Plan is proposed based on the result of the respondents’ evaluation. The intervention plan can be useful to improve the teachers’ knowledge in mitigating suicide and to lessen the stigma towards suicide, thus it is recommended by the researcher to use the intervention plan by teachers and school administrators as it will lead to enhanced and improved Guidance Services in school. The proposed intervention plan is further recommended to be adapted by the public secondary schools in General Mamerto Natividad to guide the school’s Guidance Designate in conducting mental health activities in their respective schools.
knowledge, suicide, attitude, mitigation, intervention
The Influence of Bread and Pastry Curriculum Strand on Students’ Employability
This study examined the impact of the Bread and Pastry Production strand under the Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) curriculum, along with its associated practical training, on the employability of senior high school students. Specifically, it aimed to determine how curriculum content, hands-on training, skill development, and work-related competencies influence students’ readiness for employment. Guided by Human Capital Theory, Experiential Learning Theory, Competency-Based Training Theory, and Social Cognitive Career Theory, the study utilized a quantitative research design employing a descriptive-correlational approach. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 150 senior high school students enrolled in the Bread and Pastry Production strand. Statistical tools such as frequency and percentage distribution, weighted mean, and correlational analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the Bread and Pastry TLE curriculum and its practical training components significantly contributed to the development of students’ technical skills, work attitudes, and employability competencies. Moreover, a significant positive relationship was found between the quality of practical training and students’ perceived employability. The study concluded that strengthening hands-on learning experiences and aligning curriculum content with industry standards enhance students’ readiness for employment. Based on the findings, it is recommended that continuous curriculum improvement, enhanced teacher training, and stronger school-industry partnerships be implemented to further improve the employability outcomes of students in Bread and Pastry Production.
Bread and Pastry Production, TLE, Employability, Practical Training
School Head’s Financial Management Practices And Performance
This study determined the levels of school heads’ financial management practices and performance in one of the city school divisions in the Negros Island Region, Philippines, during the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it assessed financial management practices in the areas of budgeting and planning, risk management, and financial reporting and accountability. It also determined the level of school heads’ performance, examined differences in financial management practices when grouped according to teachers’ profile variables, and tested the relationship between financial management practices and performance. The study utilized a descriptive-comparative and correlational research design. The respondents were 271 teachers selected from public schools in the division. Data were gathered using a validated researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman rho. Findings revealed that school heads demonstrated a high level of financial management practices in all areas, particularly in risk management. Their performance was rated Very Satisfactory. No significant differences were found in budgeting and planning when grouped according to age, income, and educational attainment. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in risk management, financial reporting and accountability when grouped according to age and income. However, significant differences existed when grouped according to educational attainment. Furthermore, the relationship between school heads’ financial management practices and performance was found to be not significant. The study concluded that while school heads effectively practiced financial management, such practices alone did not significantly influence performance ratings, suggesting that leadership performance is multidimensional.
School Heads, Financial Management Practices, Performance,Budgeting and Planning, Risk Management, Financial Reporting and Accountability
Predictive Vehicle Maintenance Scheduling And Gis-Integrated Service Recommendation System Using A Machine Learning Approach
Vehicle maintenance plays a vital role in ensuring vehicle reliability, operational efficiency, and road safety. Conventional maintenance practices often rely on fixed schedules, manual inspections, or reactive approaches, which may lead to delayed issue detection, unexpected breakdowns, and increased maintenance costs. To address these challenges, this study developed a Predictive Vehicle Maintenance Scheduling and GIS-Integrated Service Recommendation System Using a Machine Learning Approach. The study aimed to design and develop a mobile-based intelligent vehicle maintenance system capable of real-time vehicle monitoring, anomaly detection, GIS-based repair shop recommendations, and automated maintenance notifications. The study employed a project-based developmental research design guided by the Design and Creation Model and utilized the Iterative Prototyping Model for system development. Real-time vehicle diagnostic data, including engine RPM, coolant temperature, battery voltage, fuel level, engine load, vehicle speed, and GPS coordinates, were collected through an OBD-II Bluetooth device connected to an Android mobile application. The gathered diagnostic data were processed and analyzed using the Isolation Forest machine learning algorithm to detect anomalous vehicle conditions and generate predictive maintenance alerts and recommendations. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was integrated to identify and recommend nearby repair shops, while email and SMS services were utilized to provide automated notifications to users. The developed system was evaluated by fifty (50) private vehicle owners in Misamis Occidental using selected ISO/IEC 25010 software quality characteristics, namely Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Compatibility, Usability, Reliability, and Security. Evaluation results revealed an overall weighted mean of 4.48, interpreted as Very Satisfactory, indicating a high level of user acceptance. The findings indicated that the developed system is functional, reliable, secure, and highly acceptable for predictive vehicle maintenance monitoring and GIS-integrated service recommendations. The study demonstrates the potential of integrating machine learning, OBD-II diagnostics, and GIS technologies to support proactive vehicle maintenance, improve maintenance decision-making, enhance vehicle reliability, and promote road safety.
anomaly detection, GIS, machine learning, OBD-II, predictive maintenance, vehicle monitoring.
Utilization of Media Skills in Teaching Technology and Livelihood Education and Academic Performance
The study aimed to assess the utilization of media skills in teaching Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) and students' academic performance among Junior High School-TLE teachers with at least one year of teaching experience assigned in Division of Camiguin, This study utilized descriptive correlational design. The survey questionnaire was used in gathering and collecting data. The validity of instrument was evaluated using the Lawshe’s Content Validity Index. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and mean were used to determine the demographics and their extent in utilization of media skills in teaching as well as the academic performance of the students. Inferential statistics such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized to analyze the significant difference in the extent of media skills utilization in teaching TLE when grouped according to their demographics, Based on the results, most of the teachers were within the range of 26-45 years old, finished their post graduate studies (doctoral and masteral degree), and majority were teaching TLE for 4-15 years. There was high extent in the utilization of media skills in teaching TLE among students. The teachers used multimedia presentations, instructional videos, and online resources to enhance lessons and they feel confident in integrating ICT ad media-based tools in daily instruction. The result showed high academic performance among TLE students. There was no relationship between variables. The result shows weak positive correlation, the changes in academic performance do not predict changes in the utilization of media skills in teaching TLE. The result suggests no strong evidence for association. The extent of utilization of media skills in teaching TLE when grouped according to age showed significance. Post hoc test resulted significance between groups 46 years old and above to 26-35 years. Further, the result showed no significant difference when grouped as to highest educational attainment and number of years in teaching.
Academic Performance, Media Skills, TLE teachers,, Utilization
Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers in the BCaMT District of Rizal
This research investigates the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) of public elementary school educators in Rizal, Philippines, and explores the relationship between TPACK and teacher performance, as assessed by the Individual Performance Commitment and Review Form (IPCR). It provides a thorough analysis of how the integration of technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge influences teacher effectiveness in various educational contexts. Researchers utilized a descriptive research design to gather data from 208 educators in Very Large, Large, Medium, and Small Schools in Rizal. Multiple rounds of random sampling were conducted to select the participants. A structured questionnaire checklist was developed to assess teachers' performance on the IPCR and their comprehension of TPACK. Experts in education reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its validity. Data analysis involved calculating mean scores, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). The findings revealed that educators in Very Large Schools demonstrated higher levels of Pedagogical Knowledge and Content Knowledge, while those in Small Schools showed improvements in Content Knowledge, Pedagogy, and Learning Environment. The study identified significant positive correlations between various components of TPACK and overall teacher performance, particularly between Content Knowledge and Pedagogy (r = 0.271, p = 0.000). However, no significant correlations were found between Curriculum Planning and Assessment & Reporting. This study enhances our understanding of the impact of TPACK on teacher performance across schools of varying sizes. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of technology use in urban and rural educational settings. The findings are valuable for school leaders, policymakers, and stakeholders in education as they provide insights for developing professional development programs aimed at improving teachers' technological integration and instructional effectiveness.
Content Knowledge, Pedagogical, Technological, and Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers
Critical Thinking Skills of Grade 10 Students in Araling Panlipunan Through the Use of Digital Media Platforms in Bauan Technical Integrated High School
The increasing integration of technology in education has transformed classroom instruction, particularly in Araling Panlipunan, where digital platforms now play a vital role in shaping students’ learning experiences. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of digital media in enhancing the critical thinking skills and engagement of Grade 10 students and to identify the challenges they encounter in its use. A quantitative- descriptive research design was employed, involving 30 Grade 10 students from Bauan Technical Integrated High School. Data were collected using a researcher-made survey questionnaire and analyzed through weighted mean and composite mean to measure perceptions and experiences regarding digital media use. The results revealed that digital media significantly enhances students’ critical thinking abilities, with composite means ranging from 3.62 to 3.74 (Strongly Agree), and positively influences student engagement and participation with similar high mean scores. Challenges such as unstable internet connection, limited access to gadgets, difficulty verifying information, and online distractions were also strongly acknowledged, with a composite mean of 3.68 (Strongly Agree). The findings imply that digital media is an effective instructional tool that strengthens critical thinking and promotes active learning in Araling Panlipunan; however, improvements in digital infrastructure, resource availability, and digital literacy support are essential to maximize its academic benefits.
Digital Media Platforms, Critical Thinking Skills, Student Engagement, Araling Panlipunan.
Pagpatupad ng mga Programa sa Pagbasa at Kasanayan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Baitang 3 sa Dibisyon ng Lunsod Batangas
Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalayon na masuri ang pagpapatupad ng mga programa sa pagbasa at ang kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 3 sa Dibisyon ng Lunsod Batangas. Nakatuon ito sa tatlong pangunahing programa ng Kagawaran ng Edukasyon: Brigada Pagbasa, E-Readers, at Hamon: Bawat Bata Bumabasa. Sinuri ang antas ng kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagbasa batay sa pagbigkas, pang-unawa, at pagsasalin ng konteksto ng binasa, gayundin ang mga hamon na nararanasan ng mga guro sa pagpapatupad ng mga nabanggit na programa. Ginamit sa pananaliksik ang deskriptibong metodo na may kaukulang talatanungan bilang pangunahing instrumento sa pangangalap ng datos. Ang mga kalahok ay mga guro sa Baitang 3 mula sa mga pampublikong paaralan sa Dibisyon ng Lunsod Batangas. Ang nakalap na datos ay inanalisa sa pamamagitan ng istatistikal na pamamaraan upang matukoy ang ugnayan ng pagpapatupad ng mga programa at antas ng kasanayan sa pagbasa. Lumabas sa resulta na ang mga programang pampagbasa ay may mahalagang papel sa paglinang ng kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral, subalit may mga hamon sa implementasyon gaya ng kakulangan sa materyales, limitadong oras, at mababang interes ng mga mag-aaral dulot ng labis na paggamit ng teknolohiya. Ipinakita rin ng pag-aaral na may makabuluhang kaugnayan ang lawak ng pagpapatupad ng mga programa sa antas ng kasanayan sa pagbasa ng mga mag-aaral. Batay sa mga natuklasan, inirerekomenda ng mananaliksik ang pagbuo ng mga makabagong kagamitang panturo, integrasyon ng teknolohiya sa pagbasa, at mas aktibong partisipasyon ng komunidad at magulang upang higit na mapaunlad ang kasanayan sa pagbasa ng mga mag-aaral.
Pagbasa, Brigada Pagbasa, E-Readers, Hamon: Bawat Bata Bumabasa, Kasanayan sa Pagbasa, Batangas
Evaluating ChatGPT’s Role In Academic Development: Evidence From College-Level Learning Contexts
This study investigates the role of ChatGPT as a supplementary educational tool in enhancing academic development among Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) students at Southern Luzon State University–Judge Guillermo Eleazar Campus. Specifically, it examines its effectiveness in improving learning outcomes in terms of engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. A descriptive-inferential design was employed, with 60 BEED students across year levels as respondents. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. Findings reveal that ChatGPT positively influences student engagement, and cognitive skills. Significant differences were observed across year levels, suggesting developmental variations in AI adoption. Recommendations are provided for optimizing ChatGPT integration in higher education.
ChatGPT, academic development, higher education, student engagement, critical thinking, problem-solving.
Enhancing Coffee-Based Innovations Through Vietnam - Philippines Co-Creation
Coffee is a daily staple for Filipino consumers, yet the industry is increasingly shifting toward value-added and innovative products beyond traditional beverages. At the same time, Vietnam’s position as a global coffee producer presents opportunities for cross-border collaboration that can support new forms of coffee-based innovation in the Philippine market. This study examines Filipino consumers’ readiness and acceptance of coffee-based innovations developed The Philippine coffee industry faces a critical gap in the development of value-added, cross-border innovations capable of responding to shifting consumer preferences and emerging regional market opportunities. This study examined the level of market readiness, awareness, decision-related factors, willingness to pay, and perceived market potential of Filipino consumers toward coffee-based innovations developed through Vietnam–Philippines co-creation (VN–PH). A descriptive-correlational quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a structured bilingual questionnaire administered to 150 Filipino coffee consumers through purposive sampling in urban and semi-urban areas. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distributions, chi-square tests with Cramer's V effect size, and binary and ordinal logistic regression at α = 0.05. Results revealed that 94% of respondents were active coffee drinkers and 57% consumed coffee daily, indicating high market readiness. Awareness of Vietnamese coffee emerged as the strongest predictor of acceptance, with a statistically significant large-magnitude association between awareness and prior trial (χ² = 69.528, p < .001; Cramer's V = 0.69). No single decision factor including taste, price, or health benefits independently predicted consumer intention (all p > .05; Nagelkerke R² = .038), confirming a holistic multi-attribute decision architecture. Willingness to pay clustered in the PHP 101–200 range but did not significantly predict consumer support. Coffee-based snacks, desserts, and fitness products were identified as the strongest non-beverage market categories. The findings support the development of a Vietnam–Philippines Coffee Innovation Strategy Framework (VN–PH CISF) to guide market entry, product development, value proposition design, and pricing strategy for entrepreneurs and industry stakeholders.
Vietnam–Philippines co-creation, coffee-based innovations, consumer intention, market readiness, willingness to pay.
Acceptability Of Breadstick Enriched with Alugbati (Nadella Alba)
This study developed and evaluated Alugbati-enriched breadsticks as a nutritious and affordable snack alternative that utilizes a locally available, nutrient-dense leafy vegetable. The research aimed to enhance the fiber, micronutrient, and antioxidant content of breadsticks while assessing their sensory acceptability, consumer preference, microbiological safety, and the significance of differences among treatments. An experimental research design supported by descriptive methods was used, incorporating varying amounts of Alugbati leaves into four formulations, including a control. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 9-point hedonic scale to assess color, aroma, taste, texture, and general acceptability, with ANOVA employed to determine significant differences among treatments. The study was carried out at Cagayan State University–Carig Campus with 50 respondents composed of faculty evaluators and student consumers. Results showed that the incorporation of Alugbati produced notable variations in sensory attributes. Treatment 2 (15 g Alugbati) obtained the highest ratings for color, aroma, taste, and texture, being described as “very pleasant” and “very good,” indicating that moderate Alugbati incorporation enhanced the breadsticks’ sensory appeal. Treatment 1 (10 g) received the highest score for general acceptability, suggesting a balanced combination of flavor and texture. Consumer testing further confirmed high acceptance, with appearance and aroma rated as “like extremely” and other attributes rated as “like very much.” Microbiological analysis verified that the breadsticks met international safety standards and were safe for consumption. The study concludes that Alugbati-enriched breadsticks are highly acceptable, nutritionally beneficial, and feasible for commercialization. It recommends using 15 g of Alugbati per batch, maintaining consistent processing methods, improving color presentation, and conducting shelf-life studies to strengthen product viability.
alugbati breadstick, sensory evaluation, consumers acceptability, microbiological analysis.
Development And Acceptability Of Cookie Added With Shitake Mushroom (Lentinula Edodes)
Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) are nutrient-rich fungi, valued for their vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, yet their use in functional bakery products remained limited. This study developed and evaluated cookies enriched with shiitake mushroom powder as a health-oriented, functional snack. The objectives were to determine sensory and consumer acceptability, assess proximate composition, and compare overall acceptability with traditional cookies. An experimental research design was employed. Three treatments with varying mushroom powder content and a control were prepared following a systematic procedure: cleaning, chopping, sautéing, cooling, powdering, sifting mushrooms, mixing ingredients, resting, rolling, cutting, baking, cooling, packaging, labeling, and storing. Sensory evaluation was conducted by ten semi-trained experts and forty randomly selected consumers using a Nine-Point Hedonic Scale, and data were analyzed using weighted mean and ANOVA. Moisture and ash contents were measured to determine product stability and mineral composition. Treatment 2, containing 15g of mushroom powder, consistently received the highest ratings: color (8.04), aroma (8.00), taste (8.02), texture (7.98), and overall acceptability (8.08). Proximate analysis showed moisture content of 5.02% and ash content of 1.68%, indicating stability and mineral adequacy. ANOVA revealed significant differences between shiitake mushroom cookies and the control (F = 33.64, p < 0.05), confirming enhanced sensory and nutritional qualities. Treatment 2 demonstrated superior acceptability, stability, and potential as a functional food. Recommendations included adopting Treatment 2 for commercial production, exploring shelf-life stability, marketing as a health-oriented snack, optimizing mushroom concentration, and implementing continuous sensory testing to ensure quality.
Shiitake mushroom, functional food, sensory evaluation, proximate analysis, consumer acceptability.
Utilization Of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas) Into Buns Filling: It’s Acceptability
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), a nutrient-dense and widely available crop in the Philippines, presents potential for improving the nutritional value and local relevance of bakery products. This study explored its use as a bun filling to address limited commercial utilization while promoting consumer acceptability, safety, and support for local agriculture. A descriptive research design was conducted at Cagayan State University–Carig Campus using four bun formulations with varying sweet potato content. Sensory evaluation of appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability was performed by 15 expert panelists and 35 student consumers using a 9-point hedonic scale. The most preferred treatment underwent microbial analysis at the Department of Agriculture. Data were analyzed using weighted means, percentages, ANOVA, and t-tests. Treatment 3, containing the highest proportion of sweet potato, received the highest sensory ratings: appearance (7.92), aroma (8.02), taste (7.88), texture (7.72), and general acceptability (8.02). Microbial analysis confirmed safe levels of bacterial counts with no presence of Salmonella. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between Treatment 3 and the control sample, indicating that sweet potato notably enhanced sensory quality. Findings demonstrate that sweet potato is a safe and effective filling ingredient that improves bun acceptability while supporting local crop utilization. The study recommends adopting a 75% sweet potato filling formulation, conducting nutritional and shelf-life analyses, expanding consumer testing, and exploring its application in other bakery products.
Sweet potato, bun filling, sensory evaluation, consumer acceptability, microbial safety.